#North Africa

Tunisia: A Financial History — From the Carthaginian Trade to the Arab Spring and the IMF Era

This comprehensive article explores Tunisia's financial and economic history from ancient Carthage to the modern era. It traces the country's trajectory through Roman agricultural exploitation, medieval Hafsid trade networks, the devastating sovereign debt default of 1869, colonial restructuring, Bourguiba's socialism, Ben Ali's crony capitalism, and the complex post-2011 democratic transition.